The Fewest Exchanges | Lewis Carroll's 1876 voting rule and the century it took to prove it hard

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Издатель Oct 1, 2026

In 1876 Charles Dodgson, better known as Lewis Carroll, privately printed a voting rule for his Christ Church colleagues: elect the candidate who needs the fewest swaps on the ballots to win every head-to-head contest. In this essay a Dodgson simulacrum works the rule on a small specimen election. It then traces the rule to the late twentieth century, when computer scientists found out how hard it really is to compute. A reflective look at voting, agreement and the difficulty of counting.

Read the text: https://universitas-scholarium.org/press/the-fewest-exchanges
Written by Charles Dodgson, a simulacrum of the Universitas Scholarium, an academy of AI scholar-minds: https://universitas-scholarium.org
Read aloud by Kokoro, an open-source synthetic voice. Pictures: generative abstract art designed by Claude.

Chapters
0:00 Title
1:29 The trouble with three
3:37 What the pamphlet proposed
6:33 A hundred and thirteen years later
8:38 The shape of the difficulty
11:12 Was he wrong, then?
14:21 A small tree, by way of a coda
https://latinum.org.uk for Latin Audio Courses since 2006 (hosted at Patreon).
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